中国明对虾WSSV携带量、生长和抗WSSV育种值的相关性分析

为评估中国明对虾生长及抗WSSV能力与中国明对虾WSSV携带量之间的相关性,实验对130个中国明对虾家系进行生长及抗WSSV性能测试,对收集到的中国明对虾生长和抗病数据,输入“水产动物育种分析与管理系统”数据库,利用综合选择指数法估计中国明对虾各个家系的育种值。根据分析结果,选择出生长育种值最大的5个家系和最小的5个家系、抗WSSV育种值最大的5个家系和最小的5个家系,分别检测上述20个家系的亲虾、养殖50 d及170 d中国明对虾的WSSV携带量。结果显示,亲虾、50 d中国明对虾及170 d中国明对虾的WSSV携带量分别为0.190 8、0.286 6和0.232 9 copies/ng DNA,三者之间差异均不显著。亲虾、50 d中国明对虾和170 d中国明对虾的WSSV携带量与中国明对虾的生长育种值相关系数分别为 0.021、0.363和0.185,亲虾、50 d中国明对虾和170 d中国明对虾的WSSV携带量与抗WSSV育种值相关系数分别为0.033、0.048和0.019。研究表明,中国明对虾的生长育种值和抗WSSV育种值与中国明对虾体内的WSSV携带量均无显著的相关性。     

Effects of biofloc under different carbon sources and protein levels on water quality,growth performance and immune responses in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1978)

A 75‐day 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of dietary protein (32 and 40%) and two different carbon sources (rice flour–R and molasses‐M), and without carbohydrate (control–C) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.37 ± 0.04 g) at 100 nos. m^?3 in 100 L fibre reinforced plastic tanks. Biofloc volume and total suspended solid were higher in molasses added groups (32 + M and 40 + M) followed by rice flour (32 + R and 40 + R) and controls (32C and 40C). Molasses and rice flour addition significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the total ammonia–N compared to controls. The highest Vibrio, Bacillus and Lactobacillus counts were recorded in 40 + M, 32 + M and 32 + R respectively. Among the treatments, significantly higher (P < 0.01) final body weight was recorded in 40 + R (8.5 ± 0.3 g), 40 + M (7.8 ± 0.3 g) and 32 + R (7.5 ± 0.4 g) compared to control groups, 32C (6.1 ± 0.3 g), 40C (6.4 ± 0.3 g) and molasses added group, 32 + M (5.7 ± 0.4 g). Rice flour supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.01) the total haemocyte count (×10⁶ cells mL^?1) in 32 + R (45.7 ± 3.7) and 40 + R (44.3 ± 3.1) compared to controls, 32C (27.3 ± 3.4) and 40C (25.8 ± 0.9). Similarly, higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, serum protein and glucose were recorded in the rice flour added groups, 40 + R followed by 32 + R. Among the treatments, the highest level of prophenoloxidase (OD 490 nm, 0.3 ± 0.0) and survival after challenge with Vibrio harveyi (55.6%) was observed in 32 + R. The study elucidates that rice flour addition produces optimum level of biofloc with better growth and immune responses compared to molasses and control. Furthermore, rice flour addition at 32% protein level could replace 40% protein feed.     

A stochastic approach for analysis of the influence of white spot disease, zootechnical parameters, water quality, and management factors on the variability of production of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultivated under intensive commercial conditions

We investigated the variability of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production by incorporating stochastic elements into deterministic stock models and determined the contribution that white spot disease, zootechnical parameters, water quality, and alternative management strategies have on variability. The model was calibrated for intensive shrimp cultivation in the State of Nayarit, Mexico. Mean annual production increased as a consequence of improved management from 8000 kg ha⁻¹ to 22,000 kg ha⁻¹ when cultivation was not affected by the disease and from 3200 kg ha⁻¹ to 10,400 kg ha⁻¹ when the disease affected production. When simultaneously considering both cases, mean annual production increased from 6300 kg ha⁻¹ to 16,800 kg ha⁻¹. White spot disease was a major factor determining variability of production. Shrimp production was particularly sensitive to levels of dissolved oxygen when management was inadequate, while final weight and mortality rate of shrimp were more sensitive when management improved. Water temperature and salinity had intermediate importance, and mortality caused by the disease and the time when mortality occurred had intermediate or low relevance. Improving management increased shrimp production and diminished variability. The duration of cultivation and stocking density were the most important management variables controlling variability of production when cultivation was affected by the white spot disease. When the disease was not present, pond size and duration of cultivation were the main factors affecting production. Starting time of aeration had relatively lower importance in determining variability, while the stochastic values of dissolved oxygen, in contrast, became most important. These results call for studies on improving aeration management to reduce variability of dissolved oxygen in ponds.     

WSSV envelope protein VP51B links structural protein complexes and may mediate virus infection

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an enveloped double‐stranded DNA virus, is the causative agent of a disease that has led to severe mortalities of cultured shrimps in Taiwan and many other countries. In the previous study, Penaeus monodon chitin‐binding protein (CBP) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), two cell membrane proteins, were found to at least interact with other 10 WSSV envelope proteins including VP51B. These envelope proteins might form a protein complex. According to the known information, VP51B was used to identify its role in the protein complex. Western blotting of the intact viral particles and fractionation of the viral components confirmed that VP51B is one of WSSV envelope proteins. In this study, the protein–protein interaction between VP51B and other WSSV envelope proteins was identified by far‐western blot experiment and VP51B was found to interact with VP24, VP31, VP32, VP39B and VP41A. Furthermore, the in vivo neutralization experiment using recombinant VP51B plus with VP39B showed the best inhibition. These data indicate that VP51B participates in the WSSV protein complex and plays an important role in WSSV infection.     

Changes in the gut microbiome of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in response to White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection

Intestinal microorganisms play important roles in maintaining host health, but their functions in aquatic animal hosts have yet to be fully elucidated. The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is one such example. We attempted to identify the shift of gut microbiota that occurred in response to infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an emerging viral pathogen in the crab aquaculture industry. The microbiota may exert some control over aspects of the viral pathogenesis. We investigated the changes in composition and structure of the crab gut microbiome during various WSSV infection stages of 6 h post‐infection (hpi) and 48 hpi, using a 16S rRNA approach on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Four phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes) were most dominant in the gut of E. sinensis regardless of the WSSV infection stages. However, further analysis revealed that over 12 bacterial phyla, 44 orders and 68 families were significantly different in abundance at various states of WSSV infection. Several intriguing aspects of E. sinensis gut bacteria that had not been previously reported were also uncovered, such as class Mollicutes was dominant here, but absent in crabs from Yangtze River estuary and Chongming Islands. Overall, this study provided the first evidence that changes in gut microbiome were closely associated with the severity of WSSV infection and that indicator taxa could be used to evaluate the crab health status.     

牡丹红斑病的研究

牡丹红斑病在山东菏泽牡丹栽培区的发病率达50％左右,病重的牡丹园可达90％以上。从8批次384个样品中分离获得512个分离株,经筛选、纯化、回接试验,依其培养性状和形态特征,病原菌鉴定为牡丹枝孢Cladosporium paeoniae Pass。病害发生与牡丹不同品种、初侵染源等因子密切相关。筛选出了50％多菌灵、70％甲基托布津等防治红斑病的有效药剂,应用800倍液从3月中旬牡丹展叶前至7月中旬防治4次,效果达90％以上,感病指数可控制在5以下。     

凡纳滨对虾氨氮急性胁迫应激敏感群体和耐受群体对WSSV敏感性的差异分析

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是世界范围内举足轻重的水产养殖品种,在普遍的高密度养殖活动及环境恶化的情况下,逆境胁迫是影响其养成率的主要因素之一,其中,高浓度氨氮胁迫是最普遍的毒理因子。由于对虾抗病性状的遗传力较低,且在受限于测试场地的低选择强度情况下,抗病选育的进展比较缓慢。而对虾的抗逆性具有较高的遗传力,且不具备传染性的特点使得其不受测试场地的限制。因此,本研究以氨氮急性胁迫应激敏感群体(SP)和耐受群体(TP)为实验材料,对其进行白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)敏感性差异分析,首次探索了通过提高对虾对逆境急性胁迫应激的耐受性,从而间接提高其抗病力的可能性。本研究每个群体设3个处理:高浓度氨氮胁迫下(10 mg/L)WSSV感染组,两群体分别命名为SPAV和TPAV;正常海水条件下(氨氮水平小于0.01 mg/L)WSSV感染组,分别命名为SPV和TPV;正常海水条件无WSSV感染组(空白对照组),分别命名为SPC和TPC。结果显示,SP群体(5 h)在WSSV感染后开始死亡的时间显著早于TP群体(16 h);从感染60 h后,SPAV组的死亡率呈直线上升趋势,到137 h时该组全部死亡,其累积死亡率显著高于SPV(70.42%)和TP群体的2个组TPAV(42.67%)和TPV(18.99%)(P0.05)。在144 h实验结束时,SPV的累积死亡率为73.67%,显著高于TP群体的2个组TPAV(46.15%)和TPV(18.99%)以及SP群体的对照组SPC(34.79%);此时,TPAV组的累积死亡率显著高于TPV和TPC组(P0.05),而TPV与TPC组间无显著差异。研究表明,逆境毒理因子(氨氮胁迫)会增加对虾对病原的敏感性,而且对氨氮急性胁迫应激耐受力高的群体对病毒的抵抗力也高。本研究为探索提高对虾抗病力而降低养殖过程中的死亡率提供了新的思路和途径。     

Comparative fatty acid composition of eggs from wild and captive black sea bass, Centropristis striata L.

Lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid compositions were determined in eggs from wild and captive black sea bass, Centropristis striata L., from northern (New England) and southern (South Carolina) regions to determine the effects of diet on egg composition and fertilization success. The formulated diets fed to the northern captive (NC) fish were higher in total lipids (22%) compared with the cut fish and squid diet fed to the southern fish (SC; 3.3% lipid) and had a higher relative amount of linoleic acid (LA) and lower relative amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). These dietary differences were broadly reflected in the egg lipid composition. The LA levels were higher in all lipid classes in eggs of NC fish while AA levels were lower. The DHA was higher in the major polar lipids (PL) (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) of SC eggs compared with NC. Compared with wild fish, both captive groups produced eggs with PLs richer in LA and lower in DHA and AA. Over all fish groups, fertilization success was directly correlated with levels of DHA and AA in the PLs and was inversely correlated with LA levels.     

The effects of temperature on sex differentiation and growth of black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.)

To examine the effects of temperature on sex differentiation in the black sea bass ( Centropristis striata L.), a protogynous hermaphrodite, juveniles (∼0.5 g) were cultured in recirculating systems at 17, 21 or 25 °C. Growth was assessed at 155, 182, 241 and 275 days post hatch and sex differentiation was determined histologically. No differences were found in the sex ratios of fish reared at different temperatures, but only 55–64% developed as females. Growth was significantly greater in males across all temperature treatments. These results suggest that black sea bass exhibit sexually dimorphic growth patterns and that female-specific sex determination can be disrupted in culture.     

两级分段式黑水虻虫沙滚筒筛分装置设计与试验

针对黑水虻虫沙分选过程中黑水虻幼虫含杂率高、损失率高等问题,结合黑水虻虫沙的机械物理特性设计了一种黑水虻虫沙分离装置,该装置主要由两级滚筒筛、链轮、电机等组成.以滚筒转速、滚筒倾角、喂入量为试验因素,以含杂率和损失率为评价指标,设计三因素三水平正交试验,分析各因素对含水率为30.2％的黑水虻虫沙筛分性能的影响.结果 表...